The Format of an IPv4 Address

32-bit binary notation - 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001 The address has 4 octets separated by periods and counted from let to right. There are three types of IPv4 addresses: a network address, a host address, and a broadcast address. In other words you could say a computer is on the 192.168.10.0 /24 network (network address), and is using a host address of 192.168.10.1. The address 192.168.10.1 represents the ip address in dotted decimal notation. That same address in binary notation is 11000000.10101000.00001010.00000001. The 1(00000001) is in the 4th octet.

Converting Binary to Decimal and Vice Versa

The most popular, and (in my opinion) easiest way to convert a binary number to decimal is using a table like so:

128		64		32		16		8		4		2		1
0		0		1		1		1		0		0		1
0	+	0	+	32	+	16	+	8	+	0	+	0	+	1	=	57

Network Portion and the Host Portion of an IP Address and Subnet Mask

The network portion and the host portion of an ip address is defined its subnet mask. This process is easy if the subnet mask is classful meaning either:

Class C  -  255.255.255.0  or /24,
Class B  -  255.255.0.0  or /16,
Class A  -  255.0.0.0  or /8

So if the ip address is 192.168.1.100 and the subnet mask is classful meaning 255.255.255.0 then the 255s in the subnet mask tell you the network portion and the 0s tell you the host portion. For example, below the network portion is in red and the host portion is in black:

192.168.1.100
255.255.255.0
(So the network is 192.168.1.0, and the host is number 100)

Using the example above the first address in the network is the network address (192.168.1.0). The last address in the network is the broadcast address (192.168.1.255), and the host addresses in the network are the addresses between the network and the broadcast  (192.168.1.1 - 192.168.1.254).

The process is a little more difficult when a non-classful subnet mask is used. In this scenario binary conversion must be used to delineate the network and host portions of an address. Consider the following example:

192.168.1.100 /27 or

192.168.1.100
255.255.255.224
Where are the network and host portions now?

To easily solve the question convert to binary:
11000000.10101000.00000001.01100100  = 192.168.1.100
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 = 255.255.255.224
(The 1s in the subnet mask identify the network portion, the 0s the host portion)

The network and host portions are still defined by the subnet mask, just more accurately by seeing the address and mask in binary and identifying the 1s and 0s. The question that you now have to ask yourself is, what is the networkaddress, broadcast address and host addresses if the subnet mask is 255.255.255.224? To answer this question you need to, in binary, logically AND the ip address and subnet mask and you will get the network address. To understand this process and more see my video series on subnetting, ANDing and the Magic Number below. 

3 Types of IP Addresses: Network Address, Host Address, and Broadcast Address

Network Address - The address by which we refer to the network
      Uses the first address in the network,
      The network address is reserved and is not usable by a host
      All hosts in a network will have the same network address
      All hosts in a network will have the same network bits or network portion
Broadcast Address - The address used to send data to all of the hosts on a network
      Uses the highest (last) address in the network,
      The broadcast address is reserved and is not usable by a host
      The bits in host portion are all 1's
      Also called a directed broadcast
Host Address - The addresses assigned to the end devices in the network
      Each and every device in the network needs a unique ip address,
      The host addresses lie between the network and broadcast address
Private addresses are blocks of ip addresses that are not routable on the internet. The private address blocks are:

10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255   (10.0.0.0 /8)
172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255   (172.16.0.0 /12)
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255   (192.168.0.0 /16)

Since private addresses are implemented on LANs behind a firewall different networks may use the same private address schemes. Private addressing requires Network Address Translation (NAT) in order to translate private addresses to public addresses for use on the internet. With this (NAT) technique, many hosts in a private network can channel all communications through a single public ip address allowing communicate over the internet.
Public Addresses are designed to be used by hosts that are publicly accessible from the internet. Public ip addresses are assigned by the InterNIC and consist of class-based network IDs called CIDR blocks.

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